Chapter 6: The Nature of the Feast - Blood and Feeding
One cannot write any kind of text or volume on vampires without focusing on their primary form of existance. To wit, the drinking blood from humans. This chapter I have devoted a great amount of detail, even going so far as to travel to Urth to speak with men and women of medicine to learn as much as I can of the blood-delivery system of humans. After a few stunned doctors and nurses got over the fact that I was actually a gnome and not a dwarf (as they referred to me as, as if I had a great beard and a mining pick! Apparently, their definition of 'dwarf' is considerably different from ours here in Rhy'Din!), they were most forthcoming with information.
The following passages describe, in great detail, the "circulatory system" of the average human. It's a bit dry to read in places, but its importance to this report on vampires cannot be overlooked.
Fun blood facts
The average adult human body contains a little less than nine pints of blood; this is about 7% of the body by volume. Blood is pumped around the body by the heart, through the 100,000 miles (or thereabouts) of blood vessels which make up the circulatory system, carrying oxygen to, and carbon dioxide away from the organs and muscles. The heart is a two-stage pump which connects to two distinct circulatory systems. The first is the pulmonary circulation, which carries blood from the right side of the heart, through the pulmonary artery and into the lung capillaries. The blood then returns through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart. The left side then pumps the blood into the aorta, from where it is distributed around the body through the systemic circulation.
Blood vessels which take blood away from the heart are called arteries. The blood in the arteries is under high pressure from the heart's pumping action. They are tough, elastic-walled vessels, and muscles in the walls which aid the heart in pumping the blood. The relaxing and constricting action of the arteries creates the pulse that can be felt at the wrists and throat. With the exception of the pulmonary artery, the arteries carry oxygen-rich blood to the capillaries: tiny, thin-walled vessels where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged within the body tissues. The blood, now rich in waste carbon dioxide, returns through the veins to the heart, and is pumped into the pulmonary circulation where the reverse transfer takes place. The veins are less strong than the arteries, since the blood is at lower pressure, which also means that a pulse can not be felt in the veins. Venous blood is purplish in colour.
About 55% of the blood, by volume, is plasma ? a straw-coloured liquid which acts as a medium for the blood cells and platelets. The plasma is 90% water, with the remainder being made up of proteins, including albumin, various clotting factors and immunoglobins (the Urth-bound humans attempted to explain what, exactly, an immunoglobin was but it made this gnome's head hurt something fierce). Albumin levels regulate the diffusion of water through the walls of the capillary vessels; low levels lead to excess leakage. The plasma also carries many dissolved minerals and nutrients from digested food to the body's tissues.
The aorta is the main artery which carries blood away from the heart. It is located within the thorax and abdomen. The carotid arteries carry blood up the neck to the brain. The femoral arteries are located in the thighs, and contain blood under very high pressure. Serious damage to the femoral arteries can virtually empty the body of blood in seconds. The primary vein in the upper arm is the brachial, while the lower arm has the ulnar and radial. The main veins are the inferior and superior vena cava, which complete the return of blood to the heart, and the jugular vein which returns blood from the throat. The saphenous vein is the main vein in the leg. The hepatic portal vein carries blood loaded with the digested parts of food to the liver. The pulmonary artery and veins form the pulmonary circulation. Here the artery carries waste-rich blood, and the veins oygenated.
The moral of the story, you ask? Dear readers, it has been my experience (though not direct; through intensive questioning and interrogation of vampires) that Cainites prefer the oxygen-rich blood of the arteries over the carbon dioxide-rich waste blood of the veins. Why is this important? Because it means that the main pulse points of the body are where the vampires are most likely to try and bite you, you nincompoop!
The main pulse points are the carotid (throat), temporal (temples), facial (cheek), brachial (inside of the elbow joint), radial (wrist), femoral (thigh/groin), posterior tibial (ankle) and dorsalis pedis (back of the foot).
Storing blood
Spilt blood rapidly loses its potency, and unless consumed while still warm will not provide sustenance. Moreover, at least a pint of spilt blood must be consumed, and it will yield no more than a trifle of essential energy for the vampire if consumed; slightly more if the source is especially potent. Stored blood may last longer, but in most cases it too loses potency once cold. Some vampires store mortal blood in airtight containers, but this can only ever retain the vital energies within the blood for a few days. Older blood, unless the energy is locked in by some mystical means, may retain its freshness and consistency with correct treatment, but it is utterly without nourishment. Ultimately, the only reliable store of blood is the living body of a human being.
The problem stems from the simple fact that mortal blood does not store its vital energy. A human?s circulation is like an electrical circuit: In feeding, the vampire taps into that circuit to draw off electricity, but if the wires are removed, they do not bring the electricity with them. Vampiric vitae is a different matter entirely, and its primary purpose is to act as a holder for vital energy once removed from the mortal frame, but there are entirely separate problems involved in storing it.
Bank blood retains its nummy bloody goodness longer than most, because its purpose, the reason for its storage, is the transference of life from one human to another. Symbolically, and through the mysteries of medical science, it retains its vital virtue ? which is also why transfusion aids in the recovery of lost vital energy as well as blood. It is weakened though, and as with spilt blood, a full baggie will supply only a triflling amount of power to the vampire.
It should also be remembered that blood is rarely stored whole. The stored form most useful to a vampire is the red cells from one unit of blood, together with a small amount of plasma and anti-coagulants. Plasma and some red cells are stored frozen for up to a year, but these are next to useless to a vampire.
Powerful Blood
When a vampire talks of powerful blood, he means a powerful life. In general terms, blood will be increased in potency by any factor which, as an ongoing effect, elongates lifespan or accelerates healing. The incredible regenerative powers of the werewolves, for example, mean that their blood is twice as strong as that of a human, along with granting a propensity for violent frenzy on the part of the ingesting vampire. As a consolation to the werewolf, the vampire will almost certainly be in a far worse state. Exceptionally old vampires have extraordinarily powerful blood as well, as do the mercurial fae.
Feeding
The Kiss is one of the most potent weapons in the vampire?s arsenal. It is not to be mistaken for a mere bite; it does little physical harm, and certainly no appreciable level of damage, and even if not closed with a lick, the tiny wounds ? usually twin punctures or a small gash ? will stop bleeding after a minute or so, scab over, and heal almost completely unless the injury is picked at and worried. The Kiss is the feeding process at its most sophisticated; forming a close bond between vampire and victim, through which the vital energies may flow. The nature of this bond is a continual flow of blood between the two parties, and it makes the Kiss an efficient and relatively swift way to feed.
To invoke the Kiss, the vampire must break the skin of his victim using either a claw or, more usually, his fangs. The wound must be small enough for the vampire to cover with his mouth, and this he must do, so that no drop of blood is spilt. This process forms the bond, and seals it so that the flow efficiently delivers all of the victim?s essence to the vampire. It creates in the victim an ecstatic bliss, akin to orgasm, but more sustained than most; a vampire?s most important guard against discovery and destruction is the pleasure he gives to victims he does not kill. Most never realise that they are being harmed in any way. The tiny wounds used to feed may be closed by a simple lick from the vampire who inflicted them, completely concealing the deed.
Long term use of the Kiss can cause degradation in the victim. If the same contact point is used repeatedly, the flesh around it begins to degrade. Tissue damage and even collapse of the veins in the area can occur, like with overuse of a vein to inject drugs, and it pays to move your contact point. As an added incentive to do so, an over-used point can become numbed, and the impact of the Kiss can be lessened.
Matters of Taste
Blood, for a vampire, is not merely blood. Like any kind of food or drink, it has its vintages, its varieties, and its flavourings. There are many factors which go into making up the bouquet of a particular blood, and each vampire has his preferences. The primary factors are: physiology and biochemistry; health; diet; drug-use; and emotional state.
Physiology has a number of effects. Firstly, a person?s racial heritage imparts certain, subtle, innate characteristics, which form the basis of all else; blood group and rhesus factors also provide their own unique flavours. These factors overlap with health conditions. Hyperglycemics taste sweet, while diabetics do not (though the exact definition of either of those states also made this poor gnome's head hurt). Exhaustion depletes the flavour, while a healthy body has more flavour; like corn-fed chicken. Any disease which affects the blood will add to the bouquet, but most are avoided, as they add a taste of decay. Body fat makes the blood rich, but heavy; it is purely a matter of taste.
Diet has a tremendous effect on a victim?s taste. Whatever she eats most often will leave a residual taste, as well as affecting the balance of minerals and fats in the bloodstream. Garlic, onion, strong spices and chilli peppers leave an especially notable aroma, and curry hounds are an acquired taste. Drug-use not only provides a taste sensation by altering the body?s chemistry, it provides a solid rush as the drugs enter the vampire?s body. This effect is milder than direct use of the drug, but is the only way a vampire can experience most drugs. Alcohol is the most common drug, and has a particularly potent effect on blood chemistry, as well as filling it with alcohol.
Emotional state is also a very important factor. Endorphins, sex hormones, adrenaline; all of these things are released into the blood and affect its flavour. These can be among the most important factors to vampires, because they are the factors most easily controlled. A vampire may like to toy with his victims, to put the taste of fear in their blood, and many Casanovas hunt the way they do because they enjoy the taste of an aroused victim. In addition, emotional levels are like a drug, and can infect the feeding vampire, especially through the Kiss. In this way, a vampire can become happy, sad, depressed, excited, aroused or angry through the blood chemistry of their prey. Those who feed on frightened mortals often liken the experience to that of a mortal on a rollercoaster.
Feeding on Animals
While they do not contain as much vital essence as a human, it is possible for a vampire to live by hunting and feeding on animals. It is not possible to live well on such a diet. Aside from the fact that a vampire who eschews human prey must almost constantly hunt to find enough to support himself, they will also begin to take on bestial characteristics from the blood which they consume. These are usually not physical traits, but rather mannerisms, and smells. An animal feeder becomes feral, wary of all contact. They begin to rely on instincts rather than reason, suffering penalties and depletion of their intelligence and self-control.
Most unfortunatly of all, though, they begin to take on a distinct animal musk, suffering obvious penalties in social situations.
Moreover, when all is said and done, vampires are supposed to prey on their own kind. A vampire who has long-avoided human blood is apt to lose control altogether when the opportunity to take it presents itself. The scent of human blood can be enough to send such a vampire into a feeding frenzy, even if he is fully fed, burning the animal blood from his body to make room for the sweet, sweet human blood.